"The Miracle Tree"
"Moringa
appears to be a nutritional and medicinal cornucopia. The author, a
Western-trained nutritional biochemist who has studied some of Moringa’s
phytochemicals for almost a decade, gives a brief commentary and
extensive
references, and presents a table introducing some of the tree’s most
intriguing
features. This is the first article in a series, and will be followed by
more
detailed analysis of some of the strongest claims made regarding this
edible
plant"
Abstract
Moringa
oleifera, or the horseradish
tree, is a pan-tropical species that is known by such regional names as
benzolive, drumstick tree, kelor, marango, mlonge, mulangay, nébéday,
saijhan,
and sajna. Over the past two decades, many reports have appeared in
mainstream
scientific journals describing its nutritional and medicinal properties.
Its
utility as a non-food product has also been extensively described, but
will not
be discussed herein, (e.g. lumber, charcoal, fencing, water
clarification, lubricating
oil). As with many reports of the nutritional or medicinal value of a
natural
product, there are an alarming number of purveyors of “healthful” food
who are
now promoting M. oleifera as a panacea. While much of this
recent
enthusiasm indeed appears to be justified, it is critical to separate
rigorous
scientific evidence from anecdote. Those who charge a premium for
products
containing Moringa spp. must be held to a high standard. Those
who
promote the cultivation and use of Moringa spp. in regions where
hope is
in short supply must be provided with the best available evidence, so as
not to
raise false hopes and to encourage the most fruitful use of scarce
research
capital. It is the purpose of this series of brief reviews to: (a)
critically evaluate
the published scientific evidence on M. oleifera, (b) highlight
claims
from the traditional and tribal medicinal lore and from non-peer
reviewed
sources that would benefit from further, rigorous scientific evaluation,
and
(c) suggest directions for future clinical research that could be
carried out
by local investigators in developing regions.
This is the
first of four planned papers on
the nutritional, therapeutic, and prophylactic properties of Moringa
oleifera.
In this introductory paper, the scientific evidence for health effects
are
summarized in tabular format, and the strength of evidence is discussed
in very
general terms. A second paper will address a select few uses of Moringa
in
greater detail than they can be dealt with in the context of this paper.
A
third paper will probe the phytochemical components of Moringa in
more
depth. A fourth paper will lay out a number of suggested research
projects
that can be initiated at a very small scale and with very limited
resources, in
geographic regions which are suitable for Moringa cultivation and
utilization. In advance of this fourth paper in the series, the author
solicits suggestions and will gladly acknowledge contributions that are
incorporated into the final manuscript. It is the intent and hope of
the
journal’s editors that such a network of small-scale, locally executed
investigations might be successfully woven into a greater fabric which
will
have enhanced scientific power over similar small studies conducted and
reported in isolation. Such an approach will have the added benefit
that
statistically sound planning, peer review, and multi-center coordination
brings
to a scientific investigation.
The
following paper is intended to be useful
for both scientific and lay audiences. Since various terms used herein
are
likely not familiar to the lay reader, nor are many of the references
readily
available to either scientific or lay audiences, we encourage active
on-line
dialog between readers and both the author and the journal staff. Both
will
attempt to answer questions and to direct readers to the experts in an
open and
public manner.
Introduction
Moringa
oleifera is the most widely cultivated species of a
monogeneric family, the Moringaceae, that is native to the sub-Himalayan
tracts
of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. This
rapidly-growing
tree (also known as the horseradish tree, drumstick tree, benzolive
tree,
kelor, marango, mlonge, moonga, mulangay, nébéday, saijhan, sajna or Ben
oil
tree), was utilized by the ancient Romans, Greeks and Egyptians; it is
now
widely cultivated and has become naturalized in many locations in the
tropics.
It is a perennial softwood tree with timber of low quality, but which
for
centuries has been advocated for traditional medicinal and industrial
uses. It
is already an important crop in India, Ethiopia, the Philippines and the Sudan, and is
being grown in West, East and South Africa, tropical Asia, Latin
America, the Caribbean, Florida and the Pacific Islands. All
parts of the
Moringa tree are edible and have long been consumed by humans.
According to
Fuglie (47) the many uses for Moringa include: alley cropping (biomass
production), animal forage (leaves and treated seed-cake), biogas (from
leaves), domestic cleaning agent (crushed leaves), blue dye (wood),
fencing (living
trees), fertilizer (seed-cake), foliar nutrient (juice expressed from
the
leaves), green manure (from leaves), gum (from tree trunks), honey- and
sugar
cane juice-clarifier (powdered seeds), honey (flower nectar), medicine
(all
plant parts), ornamental plantings, biopesticide (soil incorporation of
leaves
to prevent seedling damping off), pulp (wood), rope (bark), tannin for
tanning
hides (bark and gum), water purification (powdered seeds). Moringa seed
oil
(yield 30-40% by weight), also known as Ben oil, is a sweet
non-sticking,
non-drying oil that resists rancidity. It has been used in salads, for
fine
machine lubrication, and in the manufacture of perfume and hair care
products (158). In the West, one of the best known uses for Moringa is
the use of powdered seeds to flocculate contaminants and purify drinking
water (11,50,113), but the seeds are also eaten green, roasted,
powdered and steeped for tea or used in curries (50). This tree has in
recent times been advocated as an outstanding indigenous source of
highly digestible protein, Ca, Fe, Vitamin C, and carotenoids suitable
for utilization in many of the so-called “developing” regions
of the world where undernourishment is a major concern.
Nutrition
Moringa
trees have been used to combat
malnutrition, especially among infants and nursing mothers. Three
non-governmental organizations in particular—Trees for Life, Church
World
Service and Educational Concerns for Hunger Organization—have advocated
Moringa
as “natural nutrition for the tropics.” Leaves can be eaten
fresh,
cooked, or stored as dried powder for many months without refrigeration,
and
reportedly without loss of nutritional value. Moringa is especially
promising
as a food source in the tropics because the tree is in full leaf at the
end of
the dry season when other foods are typically scarce.
A large
number of reports on the nutritional
qualities of Moringa now exist in both the scientific and the popular
literature. Any readers who are familiar with Moringa will recognize
the
oft-reproduced characterization made many years ago by the Trees for
Life
organization, that “ounce-for-ounce, Moringa leaves contain more Vitamin
A than
carrots, more calcium than milk, more iron than spinach, more Vitamin C
than
oranges, and more potassium than bananas,” and that the protein quality
of
Moringa leaves rivals that of milk and eggs. These readers will also
recognize
the oral histories recorded by Lowell Fuglie in Senegal and
throughout West Africa, who reports (and has
extensively documented on video) countless instances of lifesaving
nutritional
rescue that are attributed to Moringa (47,48). In fact, the nutritional
properties of Moringa are now so well known that there seems to be
little doubt of the substantial health benefit to be realized by
consumption of Moringa leaf powder in situations where
starvation is imminent. Nonetheless, the outcomes of well controlled
and well
documented clinical studies are still clearly of great value.
In many
cultures throughout the tropics,
differentiation between food and medicinal uses of plants (e.g. bark,
fruit,
leaves, nuts, seeds, tubers, roots, flowers), is very difficult since
plant
uses span both categories and this is deeply ingrained in the traditions
and
the fabric of the community (85). Thus, Table 1 in this review captures
both nutritional and medicinal references as they relate to Moringa,
whilst avoiding most of the better known agro-forestry and water
purification applications of this plant.
The interested reader is also directed to the very comprehensive reviews
of the
nutritional attributes of Moringa prepared by the NGOs mentioned earlier
(in
particular, see references 47,123,157).
Phytochemistry
Phytochemicals
are, in the strictest sense of
the word, chemicals produced by plants. Commonly, though, the word
refers to
only those chemicals which may have an impact on health, or on flavor,
texture,
smell, or color of the plants, but are not required by humans as
essential
nutrients. An examination of the phytochemicals of Moringa species
affords the
opportunity to examine a range of fairly unique compounds. In
particular, this
plant family is rich in compounds containing the simple sugar, rhamnose,
and it
is rich in a fairly unique group of compounds called glucosinolates and
isothiocyanates (10,38). For example, specific components of Moringa
preparations that have been reported to have hypotensive, anticancer,
and antibacterial activity include 4-(4'-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl
isothiocyanate [1],
4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate [2], niazimicin
[3],
pterygospermin [4], benzyl isothiocyanate [5], and
4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl
glucosinolate [6]. While these compounds are relatively unique
to the
Moringa family, it is also rich in a number of vitamins and minerals as
well as
other more commonly recognized phytochemicals such as the carotenoids
(including b-carotene or
pro-vitamin A). These attributes are all discussed extensively by Lowell
Fuglie (47) and others, and will be the subject of a future review in
this series.
(Click to enlarge)
Figure 1. Structures
of selected phytochemicals from Moringa spp.: 4-(4'-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl
isothiocyanate
[1], 4-(-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate [2],
niazimicin [3], pterygospermin [4], benzyl isothiocyanate [5],
and 4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl glucosinolate [6].
Disease Treatment and Prevention
The
benefits for the treatment or prevention
of disease or infection that may accrue from either dietary or topical
administration of Moringa preparations (e.g. extracts, decoctions,
poultices,
creams, oils, emollients, salves, powders, porridges) are not quite so
well
known (116). Although the oral history here is also voluminous, it has
been subject to much less intense scientific scrutiny, and it is useful
to review the claims that have been made and to assess the quality of
evidence
available for the more well-documented claims. The readers of this
review are
encouraged to examine two recent papers that do an excellent job of
contrasting
the dilemma of balancing evidence from complementary and alternative
medicine
(e.g. traditional medicine, tribal lore, oral histories and anecdotes)
with the
burden of proof required in order to make sound scientific judgments on
the
efficacy of these traditional cures (138,154). Clearly much more
research is justified, but just as clearly this will be a very fruitful
field of endeavor for both basic and applied researchers over the next
decade.
Widespread
claims of the medicinal effectiveness
of various Moringa tree preparations have encouraged the author and his
colleagues at The Johns Hopkins University to further investigate some
of these
possibilities. A plethora of traditional medicine references attest to
its
curative power, and scientific validation of these popular uses is
developing
to support at least some of the claims. Moringa preparations have been
cited in
the scientific literature as having antibiotic, antitrypanosomal,
hypotensive,
antispasmodic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, and
hypoglycemic activities, as well as having considerable efficacy in
water
purification by flocculation, sedimentation, antibiosis and even
reduction of
Schistosome cercariae titer (see Table 1).
Unfortunately,
many of these reports of
efficacy in human beings are not supported by placebo controlled,
randomized
clinical trials, nor have they been published in high visibility
journals. For
example, on the surface a report published almost 25 years ago (141)
appears to
establish Moringa as a powerful cure for urinary tract infection, but it
provides
the reader with no source of comparison (no control subjects).
Thus, to the extent to which this is antithetical to Western medicine,
Moringa
has not yet been and will not be embraced by Western-trained medical
practitioners
for either its medicinal or nutritional properties.
In many
cases, published in-vitro
(cultured cells) and in-vivo (animal) trials do provide a degree
of
mechanistic support for some of the claims that have sprung from the
traditional medicine lore. For example, numerous studies now point to
the
elevation of a variety of detoxication and antioxidant enzymes and
biomarkers
as a result of treatment with Moringa or with phytochemicals isolated
from
Moringa (39,40,76,131). I shall briefly introduce antibiosis and cancer
prevention as just two examples of areas of Moringa research for which
the existing scientific evidence appears to be particularly strong.
Antibiotic
Activity. This is clearly the
area in which the preponderance of evidence—both classical scientific
and
extensive anecdotal evidence—is overwhelming. The scientific evidence
has now
been available for over 50 years, although much of it is completely
unknown to
western scientists. In the late 1940’s and early 1950’s a team from the
University of Bombay (BR Das), Travancore University (PA Kurup), and the
Department of Biochemistry at the Indian Institute of Science in
Bangalore (PLN
Rao), identified a compound they called pterygospermin [4] a
compound
which they reported
readily dissociated into two molecules of benzyl
isothiocyanate [5] (23,24,25,26,77,78,79,80,81,108). Benzyl
isothiocyanate was already understood at that time to have antimicrobial
properties. This group not only identified pterygospermin, but
performed extensive and elegant characterization of its mode of
antimicrobial action in the mid 1950’s. (They identified the tree from
which
they isolated this substance as “Moringa pterygosperma,” now
regarded as
an archaic designation for “M. oleifera.”) Although others were
to
show that pterygospermin and extracts of the Moringa plants from which
it was
isolated were antibacterial against a variety of microbes, the identity
of
pterygospermin has since been challenged (34) as an artifact of
isolation or structural determination.
Subsequent
elegant and very thorough work,
published in 1964 as a PhD thesis by Bennie Badgett (a student of the
well
known chemist Martin Ettlinger), identified a number of glyosylated
derivatives
of benzyl isothiocyanate [5] (e.g. compounds containing the
6-carbon
simple sugar, rhamnose) (8). The identity of these compounds was not
available in the refereed scientific literature until “re-discovered” 15
years later by Kjaer and co-workers (73). Seminal reports on the
antibiotic activity of the primary rhamnosylated compound then followed,
from U Eilert and colleagues in Braunschweig, Germany (33,34).
They re-isolated and confirmed the identity of 4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl
glucosinolate
[6] and its cognate isothiocyanate [2] and verified
the activity of the latter compound against a wide range of bacteria and
fungi.
Extensive
field reports and ecological studies
(see Table 1) forming part of a rich traditional medicine
history, claim
efficacy of leaf, seed, root, bark, and flowers against a variety of
dermal and
internal infections. Unfortunately, many of the reports of antibiotic
efficacy
in humans are not supported by placebo controlled, randomized clinical
trials.
Again, in keeping with Western medical prejudices, practitioners may not
be
expected to embrace Moringa for its antibiotic properties. In this
case,
however, the in-vitro (bacterial cultures) and observational
studies
provide a very plausible mechanistic underpinning for the plethora of
efficacy
claims that have accumulated over the years (see Table 1).
Aware of
the reported antibiotic activity of [2],
[5], and other isothiocyanates and plants containing them, we
undertook
to determine whether some of them were also active as antibiotics
against Helicobacter
pylori. This bacterium was not discovered until the mid-1980’s, a
discovery for which the 2005 Nobel Prize in Medicine was just awarded. H.
pylori
is an omnipresent pathogen of human beings in medically underserved
areas of
the world, and amongst the poorest of poor populations worldwide. It is
a
major cause of gastritis, and of gastric and duodenal ulcers, and it is a
major
risk factor for gastric cancer (having been classified as a carcinogen
by the
W.H.O. in 1993). Cultures of H. pylori, it turned out, were
extraordinarily susceptible to [2], and to a number of other
isothiocyanates (37,60). These compounds had antibiotic activity
against H. pylori at concentrations up to 1000-fold lower than
those which had been used in earlier studies against a wide range of
bacteria and fungi. The extension of
this finding to human H. pylori infection is now being pursued in
the
clinic, and the prototypical isothiocyanate has already demonstrated
some
efficacy in pilot studies (49,168).
Cancer
Prevention. Since Moringa species
have long been
recognized by folk medicine practitioners as having value in tumor
therapy (61), we examined compounds [1] and [2] for their
cancer preventive potential (39). Recently, [1] and the related
compound [3] were shown to be potent inhibitors of phorbol ester
(TPA)-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen
activation in lymphoblastoid (Burkitt’s lymphoma)
cells (57,104). In one of these studies, [3] also inhibited
tumor promotion in a mouse two-stage DMBA-TPA tumor model (104). In an
even more recent study, Bharali and colleagues have examined skin tumor
prevention following ingestion of drumstick (Moringa seedpod) extracts
(12). In this mouse model, which included appropriate positive and
negative controls, a dramatic reduction in skin papillomas was
demonstrated.
Thus, traditional practice has long suggested that
cancer
prevention and therapy may be achievable with native plants. Modern
practitioners have used crude extracts and isolated bioactive compounds.
The
proof required by modern medicine has not been realized because neither
the
prevention of cancer nor the modification of relevant biomarkers of the
protected state has been adequately demonstrated in human subjects.
Does this
mean that it doesn’t work? No. It may well work, but more rigorous
study is
required in order to achieve a level of proof required for full
biomedical
endorsement of Moringa as, in this case, a cancer preventative plant.
Table 1. Reported
nutritional, therapeutic & prophylactic uses of Moringa oleifera
Traditional Use
Condition/Effecta |
Plant Partb
|
Referencesc
|
ANT
Antimicrobial / Biocidal
|
LFSPRBGO
|
8, 13,
19, 24, 27, 31, 34, 64, 68, 100, 104, 114, 115, 126, 140, 151, 160,
161, 162
|
Bacterial
|
LFS
|
25, 26,
55, 63, 77-81, 149
|
Urinary Tract Infection
|
L
|
141
|
Typhoid
|
G
|
47
|
Infection
|
LF
|
47
|
Syphilis
|
G
|
47
|
Dental Caries/Toothache
|
RBG
|
47
|
Fungal/
Mycoses
|
O
|
111
|
Thrush
|
88, 111
|
|
Viral
|
||
Common cold
|
FRB
|
47
|
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
|
L
|
104
|
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1)
|
L
|
84
|
HIV-AIDS
|
L
|
1, 124
|
Warts
|
S
|
47
|
Parasites
|
||
Dranunculiasis (guinea-worm)
|
36
|
|
Helminths
|
LFP
|
47
|
Schistosomes
|
S
|
113
|
Trypanosomes
|
LR
|
95
|
Other /
Not Attributed to a Specific Pathogen
|
||
Skin
(Dermal)
|
O S
|
15
|
Hepatic
|
L
|
6
|
Fever
|
LRGS
|
47
|
Earache
|
G
|
47
|
External Sores/Ulcers
|
LFRB
|
15
|
Bronchitis
|
L
|
47
|
Throat Infection
|
F
|
47
|
Water treatment (general)
|
S
|
11, 50,
75, 86, 169
|
AST Asthma
|
RG
|
47
|
CAN Cancer Therapy /
Protection
|
LFPBS
|
12, 17,
28, 39, 45, 59, 61, 64, 104, 115
|
Anti-tumor
|
LFSB
|
45, 48,
57, 61, 87
|
Prostate
|
L
|
47, 48
|
Radioprotective
|
L
|
132
|
Skin
|
P
|
12
|
CIR Circulatory/Endocrine
Disorders
|
LFSPR
|
56, 93
|
Anti-anemic
|
L
|
47, 125
|
Anti-hypertensive
|
LP
|
40, 41,
42, 43, 44, 53, 83, 137
|
Cardiotonic
|
R
|
47
|
Diabetes/hypoglycemia
|
LP
|
6, 45,
71, 87, 101, 167
|
Diuretic
|
LFRG
|
6, 14,
62
|
Hypocholestemia
|
L
|
52, 94
|
Thyroid
|
L
|
153
|
Tonic
|
F
|
47
|
Hepatorenal
|
LR
|
93, 120
|
DET Detoxification
|
BO
|
76, 135,
166
|
Antipyretic
|
148
|
|
Purgative
|
O
|
47
|
Snakebite
|
B
|
47
|
Scorpion-bite
|
B
|
47
|
DIG Digestive Disorders
|
LSRBG
|
53
|
For
TRTMNT of:
|
||
Colitis
|
LB
|
47
|
Diarrhea
|
LR
|
47, 62,
64
|
Digestif
|
B
|
47
|
Dysentery
|
LG
|
47
|
Flatulence
|
R
|
47
|
Ulcer / Gastritis
|
LS
|
3, 115,
136
|
INF Inflammation
|
LFSPRG
|
14, 28,
35, 45, 62, 64, 68, 110, 131, 160, 161
|
Rheumatism
|
LFSPRG
|
28
|
Joint Pain
|
P
|
47
|
Edema
|
R
|
47
|
Arthritis
|
S
|
47
|
IMM Immunity
|
SO
|
69
|
Immune-stimulant
|
S
|
69
|
Lupus
|
O
|
28
|
NER Nervous Disorders
|
LFRBGO
|
58, 59,
62, 96
|
Anti-spasmodic
|
SR
|
14, 53
|
Epilepsy
|
RB
|
47
|
Hysteria
|
FRBO
|
47
|
Headache
|
LRBG
|
47
|
NUT Nuritional
|
LSBO
|
6, 7,
18, 22, 28, 30, 31, 32, 46, 47, 48, 51, 65, 66, 67, 70, 92, 102, 112,
116, 133,
163
|
Antinutritional
factors
|
B
|
88, 89,
90, 110, 127, 128, 139, 156, 164, 165
|
Antioxidant
|
LO
|
110, 147
|
Carotenoids
|
L
|
29, 105,
152
|
Energy
|
LSO
|
85
|
Goitrogen
|
S
|
2
|
Iron
deficiency
|
LS
|
16
|
Oil
quality
|
O
|
5, 98,
110, 158, 159
|
Protein
|
LS
|
47
|
Vitamin/Mineral deficiency
|
LS
|
7, 9,
54, 56, 85, 119
|
REP Reproductive Health
|
LFPRBGO
|
44, 53,
64, 121, 122
|
Abortifacient
|
FRBG
|
106, 107,
155
|
Aphrodisiac
|
RB
|
47
|
Birth Control
|
B
|
45, 53,
142-146
|
Lactation Enhancer
|
L
|
47
|
Prostate function
|
O
|
47
|
SKI Skin Disorders
|
LRSG
|
160, 161
|
Antiseptic
|
L
|
47
|
Astringent
|
R
|
47
|
Pyodermia
|
S
|
15
|
Rubefacient
|
RG
|
47
|
Vesicant
|
R
|
47
|
GEN General
Disorders/Conditions
|
LFSPRBO
|
4, 6,
8, 20, 21, 45, 48, 64, 66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 82, 91, 92, 99, 102, 103,
109, 116,
117, 118, 123, 125, 128, 129, 130, 134, 150, 163
|
Bladder
|
OS
|
47
|
Catarrh
|
LF
|
47
|
Gout
|
RO
|
47
|
Hepatamegaly
|
R
|
47
|
Lactation
|
L
|
47
|
Low.Back/Kidney Pain
|
R
|
47
|
Scurvy
|
LSRBO
|
47
|
Splenomegaly
|
R
|
47
|
“Tonic”
|
LFPSO
|
47
|
| a | It is very difficult in some cases to separate the effects of severe nutritional deficiencies (e.g. Vitamin C) from sequelae (e.g. scurvy) which transcend categorization by organ systems or classification into single disease states. | ||||
| b | Plant parts are designated by their first letters (in bold): | ||||
Leaves
Flowers
Seeds
Pods (drumsticks)
Roots
Bark
Gum
Oil (from seeds)
| |||||
| c | Many
of the original citations have been collected by
Lowell J. Fuglie, [and can be found in his excellent treatise entitled
The
Miracle Tree, (47)] and by Manuel Palada (116), Julia Morton (102), and
Trees For Life (157). Most other
compendiums in recent publications or on commercial websites appear to
be highly derivative of these seminal works.
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Facebook Page: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Health-Secrets-by-The-Filipino-Dream-with-Dream-White/435625329795724
Website: www.filtrepfranchisebiz.weebly.com
Package Price (Php): Entry Package (2,588Php) = 4 Bottles of Super Malunggay
Starter Package (4,588Php) = 7 Bottles of Super Malunggay
Business Package (9,588Php) = 16 Bottles of Super Malunggay
(30pcs. of Capsule Per Bottle)
and there's more! you will also receive many Freebies and discounts if you BUY each of the PACKAGES!
Address: Door C 3rd Floor Blue Building Rizal Extension Davao City, Philippines postal code: 8000
For outside of the country (Philippines) we can do it in BANK to BANK transactions just inform me so that i can give the full instructions for the process so that it will be delivered to you legally.
WARNING!:This is not a scam because we are Following Philippine House Bill 5601 or Anti-Scam Law
we will surely give you our Products,Benefits,and Services to insure your security or R.O.I of 80% for your safety!
Note:I will not entertain non-sense comments and opinions ok?
THANK YOU!!! and GOD BLESS!!!....
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